[73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. JavaScript is disabled. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Explain. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. (Ed.). Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Read More mask Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. . On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . Photo by Eli Bentor. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. . [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. Simple theme. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. It may not display this or other websites correctly. AHR ~ 125 Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Hall Fund. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. Posted on March 01, 2015 [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. 4. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. Updates? The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. ekpe society cameroon. The Ekpe Society. Corrections? In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs.
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