Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. Excellent, thanks a lot f There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. /Width 371 7 Topics . /F2 9 0 R Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. Historical experience 3.2 2. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. |4-Iv Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. /F6 21 0 R Adobe d C In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. The states were later increased to 30 states. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. (Tanzi, 1996). The Plural nature of Nigeria. 74 . With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ welcome, and thanks for reading us. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. Email Address. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). What is federalism? five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. (eds. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). . Each state has the same level of self-governance. 3 0 obj On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. /Filter /DCTDecode From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . History of federal system of government in nigeria. Required fields are marked *. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. /Resources << Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. It also decided that the Public . Payment Details. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Rt. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. >> In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. 1. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Hon. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. stream Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. endobj Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Population of the country This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. Nigeria. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. He rejects the assertion that $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. 3. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Asst. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . << ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Required fields are marked *. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. 4 0 obj What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE?
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